Soviet leaders and their Third World policy.
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Joseph_Stalin_and_Nikita_Khrushchev_1930s-1450x1920xc.jpg)
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Staatshoofden_portretten_Bestanddeelnr_925-6564-1450x1920xc.jpg)
Left: Joseph Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev, 1938, Unknown author. Right: Leonid Brezjnev, 9th of june 1972, Fotocolectie Anefo / Nationaal Archief
First World: Blue. Second World: Red. Third World: Green.
Early Soviet interest in Africa
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/l_africa-china-relations-01192022-1.webp)
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana in front of the Soviet U.N. delegation headquarters, 22nd September 1960, AP Photo.
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/RUDN.jpg)
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/RIAN_archive_726717_Celebration_of_March_8_International_Womens_Day_at_Patrice_Lumumba_Peoples_Friendship_University.jpg)
The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (Russian: Российский университет дружбы народов), also known as RUDN University and, until 1992, Patrice Lumumba University,16th of May 2007, A. Savin.
Celebration of March 8 International Women's Day at Patrice Lumumba People's Friendship University, 8 March 1972, Vitaliy Karpov / RIA Novosti Archive.
The Soviets in Southern Africa
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Soviet_instructors_with_SWAPO_insurgents-666x462 xc.jpg)
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Cuban_PT-76_Angola_1-666x462 xc.png)
Left: Soviet advisory personnel and training staff with Namibian guerrillas in Angola, late 1970s, published 1982, Author unknown. Right: Cuban PT-76 tank crew on routine security duties in Angola, 1976, CIA.
The Soviets in the Horn of Africa
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Lenin_1983_-_panoramio-1920x1280xc.jpg)
![](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Damagedsomalitank.jgp_-1920x1280xc.jpg)
Left: A statue of Lenin stands in Addis Ababa, 1983, Author unknown. Right: Damaged Somali National Army (SNA) T-34 tank undergoing repairs, March 1978, Author unknown.
Sources
Alexander, J., ‘Adelante! Military Imaginaries, the Cold War, and Southern Africa’s Liberation Armies’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 62:3 (2020) 619-650.
Banks, E., R. d’Avignon and A. Siddiqi., ‘Introduction: The African-Soviet Modern’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 41:1 (2021) 2-10.
Banks, E., ‘Sewing Machines for Socialism? Gifts of Development and Disagreement between the Soviet and Mozambican Women’s Committees, 1963-87’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 41:1 (2021) 27-40.
Campbell, K. M., Southern Africa in Soviet foreign policy (London 1988).
Dallywater, L., C. Saunders and H. A. Fonseca eds., Southern African Liberation Movements and the Global Cold War ‘East’: Transnational Activism 1960-1990 (Berlin/Boston 2019).
Fink, C, K., Cold war: An International history (New York 2022).
Gruzd, S., S. Ramani and C. Clifford., ‘Russia in Africa: Who is Courting Whom?’, South African Journal of International Affairs 29:4 (2022) 401-405.
Ivaska, A., ‘Leveraging Alternatives: Early FRELIMO, the Soviet Union, and the Infrastructure of African Political Exile’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 41:1 (2021) 11-26.
Katsiakoris, C., ‘Students from Portuguese Africa in the Soviet Union, 1960-74: Anti-Colonialism, Education, and the Socialist Alliance’, Journal of Contemporary History 56:1 (2021) 142-165.
Katsakioris, C., ‘Creating a Socialist Intelligentsia: Soviet Educational Aid and its Impact on Africa (1960-1991)’, Cahiers d’Études Africaines 57:2 (2017) 259-288.
Lowry, D., ‘The Impact of Anti-Communism on White Rhodesian Political Culture, ca. 1920s-1980’, Cold War History 7:2 (2007) 169-194.
Marten, K., ‘Russia’s Back in Africa: Is the Cold War Returning?’, The Washington Quarterly 42:4 (2019) 155-170.
Marung, Steffi., ‘Out of Empire into Socialist Modernity: Soviet-African (Dis)connections and Global intellectual Geographies’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 41:1 (2021) 56-70.
Matusevich, M., ‘A new Scramble for Africa? The Role of Great and Emerging Powers’, Insight Turkey 121:1 (2019) 25-40.
Matusevich, M., Africa in Russia, Russia in Africa: Three centuries of encounters (Trenton 2007).
Melber, H., Understanding Namibia: The trials of independence (London 2014).
Mishra, A. K., Soviet Policy towards Anti-colonial movements in Southern Africa (Delhi 2006).
Osei-Opare, N., ‘Uneasy Comrades: Postcolonial Statecraft, Race, and Citizenship, Ghana-Soviet Relations, 1957-1966’, Journal of West African History 5:2 (2019) 85-112.
Ozoukou, D., and T, Lawler., ‘Russia and China strategies in the Central African Republic’, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 16:2 (2022) 43-51.
Schmidt, E., Foreign intervention in Africa: From the cold war to the war on terror (New York 2013).
Siddiqi, A., ‘Shaping the World: Soviet-African Technologies from the Sahel to the Cosmos’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 41:1 (2021) 41-55.
Stanek, L., Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War (Princeton 2020).
Telepneva, N., Cold War Liberation: The Soviet Union and the Collapse of the Portuguese Empire in Africa, 1961-1975 (Chapel Hill 2021).
Wyss, M., Postcolonial Security: Britain, France, and West Africa’s Cold war (Oxford 2021).
Yordanov, R., ‘An Exit without Strategy: Learning from the Soviet Bloc’s retreat from the Horn of Africa and Central America’, Third World Quarterly 42:10 (2021) 2300-2316.
Next episode:
![Post Image](https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/510413582_highres-320x200.jpg)